The assignment - Background information - You are the financial Essay

The task - Background data - You are the monetary executive of an enormous, ficticious organization called Manac plc, which - Essay Example The objective benefit of the organization isn't being accomplished and because of that it is affecting the whole association. The organization has likewise received a few cost cutting techniques, which affected the creation and diminished upper hand of the firm. The report will basically concentrate on three zones of key administration bookkeeping. In the initial segment, it will fundamentally underline on the models and ideas on estimating choice. In the subsequent part, the examination will basically concentrate on job of standard costing and fluctuation investigation in the board bookkeeping. The third part is tied in with revealing the advantages and disadvantages of movement based costing. The report will at that point direct a top to bottom investigation of the vital administration bookkeeping. Based on that an end will be drawn and a few proposals will be made. Models and Concepts on Pricing Decision The association is right now managing or confronting challenge relating to th e issue of benefit expansion. The issue is that organization isn't accomplishing its objective benefit. As per a few creators, amplification of benefit is just conceivable just when the associations can actualize the models and ideas utilized in evaluating choice. ... So as to refer to a model, if the results of an organization are estimated higher than its opposition; it might endure misfortunes and moderate salary development. Such firms overlook the effect of evaluating, however later comprehend when it gets really influenced. Additionally, if the costs of items and administrations of an organization are incredibly low, their arrival of benefit will be likewise low. Subsequently it is significant for each firm that they ought to consider receiving probably the best models or standards dependent on which they can settle on evaluating choices. The model ought to likewise fulfill the two destinations of valuing. The first is to accomplish most extreme benefit and the subsequent goal is to satisfy the market need. One of the most widely recognized models that are considered by the organizations is consumer’s inclinations and conduct. As indicated by this model, the shoppers settle on the buying choice and different factors scarcely assume an y job (Heidhues and K’oszegi, 2005). Hence if the organizations intently screen the purchasing conduct of the buyers, organizations will have the option to take its valuing choices effortlessly. For instance, if the investigation of customer conduct mirrors that buyers favor items that are estimated low, the organizations will have the option to make the costs of their items low by decreasing the general expense. The following model relating to evaluating choice of a firm is about the market harmony. Market balance is really a circumstance considered by the organizations while building up the estimating systems. This is really the phase where the market request and market flexibly covers with one another. The market harmony (request and flexibly) is exceptionally liable for driving value changes (Vives, 2010). For instance, if the cost of a 3D TV is low in a specific market, the

Jane Eyre and Untouchable Comparative Essay - Literature Essay Samples

Narrative techniques are a powerful tool that authors use to impart their themes and messages on their audience. Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontà «, is the story of Jane Eyre, a girl growing up in 19th century England, and her battle to find a balance between passion and reason. Untouchable, by Mulk Raj Anand, is the story of a day in the life of Bakha, a lower caste teenager in the British Raj who is just beginning to realize the inescapability of his social position. Both Brontà « and Anand use narrative techniques to reveal progression in their stories and characters, but for very different reasons. In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « uses narrative techniques to reveal Jane’s progression towards a balance between passion and reason and a resolute identity and independence. In Untouchable, Anand uses narrative techniques to reveal the helplessness and inescapability of Bakha’s position, thus showing the importance for others to advocate for those who cannot stand up fo r themselves. While their purposes differ, and thus some of their use of narrative techniques, there are also similarities in their techniques that reveal the skill of both authors in revealing purpose through narrative technique. Initially, in Jane Eyre, Brontà « uses narrative techniques to show Jane’s struggle to deal with her uncontrollable passion. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s use of first person allows an intimate access into Jane’s emotions, however, because Jane is narrating from the present about the past, her hindsight analysis allows us to see how overcome with passion she truly was, and that she needed to develop a balance between this passion, and reason. Just as this intense emotion can be seen at Gateshead, the same intensity can be seen at Lowood Institution, where Jane is inundated with reason, and all of her emotions are either subdued or removed from her daily life. First person narration allows us to understand Jane’s inner working as she becomes increasingly reasonable, but narrator Jane’s ability to critique this mindset full of reason and imbalance reveals the development Jane needs to take to reach independence and identity. Furthermore, narrator Jane also addresses t he reader directly, with phrases such as â€Å"dear reader,† to get the reader to further sympathize with her, and understand her struggle. This occurs when Mrs. Reed calls her a liar, and Jane pleads with the reader to understand how much she wanted to explode at Mrs. Reed with all of her fury, but ultimately kept it in. By doing this, her struggle with controlling her passion is made evident, as the reader is drawn to understand how overcome with emotion Jane is at Gateshead. To the same extent, she uses rhetorical questions to gain sympathy from the reader, as she does in the same scene, and by doing so, forces the reader to think the same things narrator Jane thinks, and analyze just as narrator Jane does. This cements the early stages of Jane’s development in the reader’s head, by getting them to analyze early Jane’s state of imbalance, as the reader is taken through her emotional, perplexing journey along with her. Addresses to the reader are more f requent at Lowood, as she directly addresses the reader, asking them to create a picture of Miss Temple based on her description. This forces the reader to put more attention on visualizing a character than normal, and because the reader creates this image based on Jane’s favorable description of Miss Temple, the reader then adopts her positive judgments, thus truly giving the reader Jane’s perspective. Additionally, she addresses the reader to tell them her growing friendship with Helen Burns, even though she says that feeling these emotions may be â€Å"defective.† Through this narration, Brontà « shows the extremes of emotion or reason that Jane experiences initially in the novel. Initially, in Untouchable, Anand uses narrative techniques to reveal the universality of the caste system, as well as begin to force the reader to sympathize with untouchables. Unlike Brontà «, Anand uses third person omniscient, getting in multiple character’s heads, but mostly sticking with Bakha’s. Third person narration allows for a bigger picture analysis of the plight of untouchables, but, because of the bigger picture, it allows the reader to understand just how many individuals the caste system destroys, as Bakha is but an example for millions of others like him. Because Untouchable is a book about a group of people, third person is more appropriate, while Jane Eyre is a book about one character’s development, thus first person is more appropriate. Furthermore, because he uses third person, Anand is able to enter other characters, such as Sohini, and thus is able to show how expansive this degrading system is, and that no untouchable can escape it, no ma tter who they are. In addition, including the story of Sohini compounds the plight of untouchables with the plight of women, showing the insufferable way of life female untouchables must live, drawing even more sympathy with the reader. Lastly, through his use of first person, he is able to show how naà ¯ve Bakha is, unable to sense the degradation, at least initially, that his job entails. He is often degraded and condescended towards, but never is able to understand the implications of this, again getting sympathy from the reader for his inability to realize the intense shame he has to live through everyday. However, this naivety does not last forever. As Jane’s development progresses and she enters the adult world, she struggles to deal with choices that would allow her to succumb to total reason or total passion. While at Thornfield, she addresses the reader numerous times, calling the reader â€Å"romantic† in an exclamatory remark, and frequently when she deliberates over dramas and conflicts in her head with Mr. Rochester, whether about Miss Ingram, or her impending marriage with Mr. Rochester. Through this, the reader is led to understand her struggle to resist totally succumbing to her passions, and how emotional Mr. Rochester and Thornfield has made her. Also, her questioning, with the reader, of her path moving forward shows the hindsight of narrator Jane, as she hints that marrying Rochester and succumbing to her emotions at this point would not allow Jane to reach a true identity or independence. Furthermore, with the reader drawn in on every feeling or emotion, and Jane falling deeply in love, the goings o n of Jane’s mind become quite romantic and childish, and almost comical, with the narrator trying to show how intense and extreme her emotion is at this moment, almost critiquing it, and urging the reader to see that Jane needs more reason and balance in her life. The same, but reverse, can be seen at Moor’s head, where Jane pleads with the reader to understand her internal dilemmas with choosing St John, and succumbing to reason. Narrator Jane, just as before, narrates the past in such an extremely reasonable way to highlight how imbalanced Jane is, again revealing Jane’s need to find a balance between passion and reason. Rhetorical questions again play a role at this stage in Jane’s development because the reader gets to experience Jane’s doubts and struggles between her passion and reason first hand, making this a very successful technique that allows for a unique empathy with Jane. Lastly, the first person narration and judgment of women in eac h of these locations also show some development in Jane. When given access to Jane’s judgments of Miss Ingram, they appear quite jealous and negative, as the reader understands she has feelings for Rochester and feels inferior to Ingram. However, when observing Miss Rosamund Oliver, she imparts no such jealousy, a combination of her growing self worth and identity, as well as the notion that she does not have an emotional connection with St. John, or maybe she would feel a similar jealousy of that to Miss Ingram. Thus, through narration techniques, Brontà « again reveals an imbalance in Jane between passion and reason, and her need to find this balance in order for her to fully progress and gain an identity. As Bakha’s development progresses, Anand’s narration techniques reveal his increasing awareness of his social position, but also his inability to do anything about it. After Bakha is run into by a high-caste, and gets chastised and shamed, he repeats, and even shouts, the word â€Å"untouchable,† repeating the fact that he, indeed, is an untouchable, an undesirable in Hindu society. Anand uses this repetition to highlight Bakha’s realization that he is the lowest of the low, and as long as he is an untouchable, he will be forced to take this shame every day of his life. Bakha’s naivety and innocence over his social position has been brutally shattered, and Anand uses this repetition to further this. Additionally, similar to Jane Eyre, when Bakha is at the temple and witnessing his sister being assaulted and abused, a limited narration is used, to get one character’s perspective on events happening outside of their own experience. Anand here, despite already showing he has no issue switching perspective, stays with Bakha’s perspective, even though it is Sohini that is enduring a traumatic experience. He does this to show Bakha’s reaction, which is full of a ruthless anger and hatred. These are new emotions for Bakha, and because the reader is taken through this indirect experience in Bakha’s head, the impact of this event on Bakha and his development becomes apparent. His hatred towards the caste system is growing as the injustices and shames of his life become clearer to him. Brontà « uses this technique in the same way, though through first person, to show a clear progression in Jane’s mind and development, just as Anand does here with Bakha. However, towards the end of this second progression in Bakha’s development, Anand employs yet another narration/perspective shift. As Bakha comes home dejected and complains to his father about the injustices he has had to endure, his father cri ticizes him and urges him to accept his place. Though tough and cruel outwardly, Anand goes inside Lakha’s head, and reveals that Bakha’s father feels a pity for him, and seems to remember having some of the same feelings Bakha has. Through this, not only does the reader gain a sense of empathy and appreciation for Lakha, but Anand also shows the generational struggle of the caste system, once gain highlighting its universality and seemingly hopeless inescapability. This goes to Anand’s greater purpose for revealing Bakha’s progression: to show that people need to be a voice for those who suffer extreme injustice and have no voice of their own. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s narrative techniques at the end of Jane Eyre show Jane’s full progression and development of an identity, through a balance between passion and reason. When Jane returns to Rochester, she addresses the reader quite infrequently, and does so only to maintain attention, whereas previously, she did so to allow the reader access to her emotions. Jane has reached her identity and found a balance, and thus does not need or ask for sympathy from the reader any longer. Furthermore, narrator Jane has now progressed into the Jane of the story, and rhetorical questions become less prominent, because, again, Jane does not require the reader’s sympathy, as she is completely independent and resolute in her identity. Additionally, the narration of the story is not as critical or analytical of Jane’s actions in the final scenes, because Jane no longer questions or worries about her actions or choices, as she has found a true balance between passion and reason, and found a way to live with her passions for Rochester, but do so on an even playing field, not dependent on him, and able to live her own independent life. Lastly, Brontà « chooses to tell the story of Jane throughout her entire life, where narrator Jane chooses important events in her life that drive her progression and tell the full story of her development. This gives the reader an idea of what was important to Jane, and if it is included in the story, then the event must be significant to her development, thus primes the reader to notice changes in Jane. Thus, narration techniques, which have remained constant throughout, take the reader on Jane’s physical and emotional journey, and reveal the resolute identity, independence, and balance that Jane comes to at the end of the novel. Anand’s narration techniques at the end of his novel show Bakha’s progression and development; his dissatisfaction with the caste system, but also his inability to understand the complexities of his plight, thus highlighting the need for stories such as Anand’s that speak for those who cannot. The major technique that Anand uses in his finale, when Bakha listens to Gandhi’s speech and discussion from those who witnessed it, is a transition to almost a third person limited narration. The reader experiences both Gandhi’s speech and the following discussions through Bakha’s eyes, both with his interpretation, as well as his inability to understand what is being said. During Gandhi’s speech, Bakha is unable to connect or really understand any of it, except for the parts that address untouchables, and even then, when Gandhi is critical of untouchables, Bakha is hurt and critical in response. Thus, the reader experiences Gandhi’s spee ch through Bakha’s perspective, and understands his pain, but more so, his ultimate inability to escape his social class, as he lacks the understanding to realize he truly has no power to ascend from his low social class. This is furthered by the discussions he overhears later, where a writer and a high caste debate over the political and economic future of India. Almost the entire discussion is way over Bakha’s head, and the only part he understands is the part that addresses injustice. Bakha lacks the education to understand the complexity of India’s social issues, and thus will never have the power to escape his social class, or even understand how it is done. This omniscient judgment by Anand and his ability to look at the grand scheme is similar to narrator Jane’s ability to look at the bigger picture and critique the Jane of the story. Lastly, different from Jane Eyre, Anand chooses to write Untouchable only recounting one day in Bakha’s life . This technique highlights the cyclical nature of Bakha’s day and the oppression and shame he must endure, empowering the reader to take a stand due to the immense amount of injustice Bakha is forced to suffer in only a single day. By highlighting Bakha’s powerlessness, and also his unfounded, sad hope, Anand is showing the necessity for other, educated men to advocate for the powerless untouchables, and use their social position to influence change. Both Charlotte Brontà « and Mulk Raj Anand use narrative techniques to further their purposes and reveal progression in their characters. The techniques they use are similar in some ways and different in other ways, but both are effective in their respective purposes. Brontà « uses her narration techniques to reveal Jane’s imbalance between passion and reason, and her need to find this balance in order to progress and develop her own resolute identity. Anand uses his narration techniques to reveal Bakha’s loss of naivety and recognition of his social class; by highlighting his powerlessness to change his position, Anand shows the importance of speaking for all of the nameless untouchables who cannot. Both authors use their narrative techniques appropriately and skillfully, and to great effect.

What Is Body Language - 965 Words

What Is Body Language? The Missing Ingredient By Paulus Harrison | Submitted On July 22, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Paulus Harrison What do you read my lord? Words, said Hamlet. Methinks he should hath answered body language. Where many of us are obsessed with words, always thinking of what we ll say next, we pay comparatively little attention to our body language. Strange given that 55% of communication is†¦show more content†¦A certain guy who shall remain unnamed but who serves as a perfect example is continually getting in arguments. He speaks politely. He never says a word wrong, yet he keeps getting in arguments. Why? Because he has nervous body language. He folds his arms over his chest. He rarely if ever smiles. He ll tap on a table or other object while he speaks. His words remain polite, but his body language is anything but. His body language passes from irritated to aggressive to impatient perpetually. If you are one of the unlucky ones who, like our example man, gets into arguments seemingly from nowhere, be sure to check yourself for the following negative gestures Do not cross your arms over your chest Do not tap on objects Do not fidget with your hair or face Smile and nod occasionally to let your company know you are happy and agreeable There are more gestures we could cover here, but the purpose is not to give an absolute blueprint to positive body language, rather it is to make one point clear: if you get into arguments you can t find reason for in your words, look to your body language. This is likely the cause of the conflict. A few simple corrective measures here and there will see those arguments turned to happy conversation. Body Language in Dating: Romance is likely the number one reason people learn about body language. It s a wise step. That 55% of communication counts in romance just as in general everyday conversation. Using positive and strong

Biology Vitamin C - 2056 Words

Investigating the vitamin C content of fruits and fruit juice Aim: In this investigation, I aim to measure and compare whether there is a higher content of vitamin C in a fruit or a juice by measuring the volume of the sample required to decolourise a solution of dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). Introduction: For this experiment, I aim to investigate and compare the content of vitamin C in the fruit against the fruit juice. The theory of this method is a titration with dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP). DCPIP is a redox dye and Ascorbic acid reacts with the DCPIP solution, changing the colour from a deep blue to either a pale pink or colourless solution. They react in a 1:1 state, so I can use the amount of ascorbic acid required to work†¦show more content†¦The amount of DPCPIP solution used throughout the whole experiment will be kept constant, 5ml at a time. This is to prevent any errors or complications when working out the averages. Variables: My dependant variable is the indicator, DCPIP, and the independent variables are both the grapefruit juice, and grapefruit. Risk assessment amp; factors that can affect my experiment: Knife safety – is slightly sharp so use with care Wear goggles in case any of the grapefruit squirts in your eye whilst cutting Take care with fragile glassware Ascorbic acid is flammable, if inhaled could cause a sore throat. Irritant to skin and eyes for some. The solutions may stain your skin and clothes so protective clothing will be useful. Main apparatus: Quantity: | Apparatus: | Why and how it is used: | 45ml | DCPIP solution | It is a good indicator for vitamin C because if it’s present, the blue dye is reduced to a colourless compound by ascorbic acid.DCPIP reacts with ascorbic acid to turn colourless. When this occurs, the fruit juice being added will be stopped and noted down. | 10mg | Ascorbic acid | Also known as vitamin C. Is the dependant variable, so can be used as a focal point to see how much vitamin C is in a grapefruit and grapefruit juice. It will be used to see how much pure vitamin C is needed to turn the DCPIP indicator colourless. When this happens, the amount of fruit juice used will be recorded. | 150mg | Grapefruit juice |Show MoreRelatedBiology Vitamin C Lab Report4458 Words   |  18 PagesBIOLOGY LAB REPORT TITLE: DETERMINING THE VITAMIN C CONTENT IN VARIOUS FRUIT JUICE PREPARED BY: NOR HUSNA BINTI MOHD ROSLI CLASS: SC3 (ALUK 11) IC NUMBER: STUDENT ID: LECTURER’S NAME: MADAM ZAKIAH BINTI ZAKARIA SUBMISSION DATE: 22 AUGUST 2013 OBJECTIVES: To investigate the vitamin C content in various fruit juices which is based on the graph’s curve obtained. 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The aim of our experiment was to see how much DCPIP was needed to be added to make the orange juices turn back to the orange colour and the DCPIP to decolourise once the 0.1% of vitamin C was added. DCPIP is a blue dye in its non-reduced form; it becomes colourless when it gains electrons. Vitamin C is an anti – oxidant, this is found mainly in fresh fruit and vegetables. The main use of Vitamin C is that it neutralises free radicals, whichRead MoreHow Do Different Ways Of Cooking Affect The Amount Of Iron And Vitamin C Retained?4007 Words   |   17 PagesHow do different ways of cooking affect the amount of iron and vitamin C retained in vegetables and how do they correlate? Session: November 2014 Candidate Name: KUMAR, Amith Candidate Number: IB Subject of Essay: Biology Supervisor Name: Lauren Lorello Date: 10/27/14 Word Count: 3292 I pledge that I have neither given nor received help on this assignment Abstract Iron is an important part of the human diet. 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Hussein, Dep.of chemistry, college of science, Babylon University Muhammed K.Alasedi Ministry of Health Hilla city, Babylon Abstract The goal of this search is to determine the concentration of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid ) in some of a Commercial Products, Vegetables and Fruit Juices by Redox Titration. A redoxRead MoreThe Effect Of Vitamin C On Concentration Essay3257 Words   |  14 PagesAS91387 VITAMIN-C CONCENTRATION Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of vitamin C decreasing in concentration over time after being exposed to oxygen. This occurs by the ascorbic acid (which is the organic molecule known as vitamin C) breaking down in the process of oxygen in an oxidation reaction. Enzymes in the citrus fruits increase the rate of oxidation. A deaeration step minimizes amount of oxygen so the amount of ascorbic acid lost is minimized. â€Å"Vitamin C, alsoRead More Linus Pauling Essay3903 Words   |  16 Pagessignificant contributions including his work on the nature of the chemical bond, he turned to chemical biology and is generally accepted as the founder of molecular biology. Later in his life he became very involved in issues of politics and peace for which he is somewhat less well known. In his later years, he became interested in health and medicine and specifically in the use of vitamin C to prevent ailments from the common cold to cancer. In Pauling’s own words he was â€Å"†¦a physicist

Eleven Vows of Gandhi free essay sample

Any of us who has attended a prayer meeting at a Gandhian institute is likely to remember a chant beginning:-Ahimsa Satya Asteya . The two verses beginning with these words enumerate the eleven vows that Gandhiji considered almost mandatory for the inmates of his Ashram, in Sabarmati as well as in Sevagram. The eleven vows are: (1) Satya-Truth, (2) Ahimsa-Nonviolence, (3) Brahmacharya-Celibacy (4) Asteya-Non-stealing, (5) Aparigraha or Asangraha-Non-possession (6) Sharira-Shrama; Physicallabour or Bread Labour. 7) Asvada-Control of Palate, (8) Abhaya-Fearlessness, (9) Sarva-Dharma-Samanatva- Equal respect for all Religions, (10) Swadeshi-Duty towards Neighbour and (11) Asprishyatanivarana Removal of Untouchability. Of these eleven, the first five are found in most of the religions of the world and are called Pancha Mahavratas the Five great Vows. The remaining six are somewhat new ideas that have been given the importance of vows to fulfill the need of the time. The image of Gandh iji in the minds of his contemporary Indians was that of a political leader of one who brought Swarajya. We will write a custom essay sample on Eleven Vows of Gandhi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Essentially, however, Gandhi was a Sadhaka, one who was in search of God. His ultimate goal was Moksha or the realization of God. Since he believed that service of man was the best way to realize God, he lived and died in the service of India, which in a mircrocosm, was the service of Mankind. That was his pilgrimage towards realization. In this context, the eleven were very important to him. They were a part of Tapa Austerity and Self denial for Purification. Tapa is considered necessary in all religions for elevating oneself spiritually, for control over desires, as a check upon an unruly mind and for paving the way to sacrifice for others all these leading to Moksha. But Gandhiji was a Sadhaka with a difference; his Sadhana did not end with himself. He wanted to include society in his spiritual efforts and so he gave a new dimension to the Five Great Vows and extended them into the remaining six. Let us have a closer look at these vows and their observance: 1. Satya -Truth Truth is the most important vow, being the very basis of all the others. The word Satya is from Sat, which means Being. On Sat depends true knowledge, known in Sanskrit as Chit and Bliss that is Ananda. The three together form the word Sachhidananda which is one of the epithets of the Supreme Being. According to Gandhiji, Truth is God. Satya, therefore, was the pivot of the life of an Ashramite. Observance of Truth was expected not only in speech but also in thought and in action. One may wonder what one should do if what appears to be truth to one person does not appear to be truth to another. Gandhiji suggests that after due deliberation and humble consideration of the opinion of the other person, if one still feels his own truth to be truth for himself, he should follow it according to his own light. In order to be convinced about ones ability to understand truth, one should use as the measuring rod those who have suffered for Truth and should himself be ready to suffer similarly. 2. Ahimsa Non-Violence Truth and Non-Violence are like the two sides of a coin one cannot exist without the other. Using another imagery, Ahimsa is the path along which one reaches truth. Violence leads to more violence and hampers the clear vision which is essential for the pursuit of Truth. At a personal level; Ahimsa consists in not only forbearing from physical violence; in order to achieve non-violence it is necessary to remove from the mind all hatred, all jealousy and all desire to harm even those who harm us. The next step would be to extend our love to all living beings, including living beings like snakes, tigers, etc. At a social level, the goal of Ahimsa is to create a society where there would be no need to act in an anti-social manner and hence no need for any punishment. This can happen only when the economic differences between the classes get considerably narrowed down and when the erring members of society are considered as their own brothers by the righteous. Top 3. Brahmacharya- Celibacy or Chastity Brahmacharya normally connotes a rigid control over sexual urge. An unmarried man who shuns sex is called a Brahmachari. According to Gandhiji, however, this is a very narrow meaning of the word. Brahmacharya really means Moving towards, Brahma that is, towards truth. For such a person, a control over all senses is necessary. So also, it is necessary to keep himself away from attachment to social connections. In achieving this end, control of sex is perhaps most helpful, because sex is one of the strongest temptations to cause one to stray from the narrow path of truth. Again marital relations are the cause of the strongest social bond, that of the family. Hence the importance attached to the control of sex, which became synonymous with Brahmacharya. Control of sex, can also help the Sadhaka to gain control over his other senses. Gandhiji believed that a celibate life was most congenial for the pilgrim to truth. However, married couples could also tread that path by subtracting sex from their marital life. Such a step would free them from undue attachment for each other and free them for service of mankind. It is obvious that Brahmacharya, like truth and Non-violence, should be adhered to not only at the physical level, but also at the level of thought. To harbour a passion in the mind, while practicing physical control of the senses is not really Brahmacharya. On one point, however, Gandhiji differed radically from the orthodox believers in Brahmacharya he did not believe that a Brahmachari should shun the company of women. He wanted the Brahmachari of his Ashram to live a life of service to society; so it was inevitable that he would come into contact with women social workers. In Gandhijis opinion a Brahmachari should keep his public contact with women workers and learn to look upon them as sisters and mothers. If someone could adhere to Brahmacharya only when there were no women around, according to Gandhiji, he was not a real Brahmachari. While laying all this stress on Brahmacharya, Gandhiji was not unmindful of the difficulty experienced by the Ashramites in its day to day observance.. We are told by persons near to Gandhiji that he was completely aware that a number of the Ashramites were only partially successful in their attempts at Brahmacharya. Since Gandhiji himself never claimed complete success, he was satisfied that the Ashramites sincerely tried their best. 4. Asteya Non Stealing In an ordinary sense, very few people actually steal anything from others, partly because of the social stigma attached to stealing. Gandhiji, however, gave a far wider connotation to stealing. According to him those members of the family who help them-selves to better facilities depriving the other members, are thieves. Even those who enjoy luxuries not available to the lower strata of society are also thieves. So, a person who wishes to apply Asteya in his life ought to lead such a simple life that he takes for himself from society only his minimum requirements. In the Ashram, one aspect of Asteya, namely avoiding waste, was strictly observed. Nothing was to be wasted-food, water, clothes or even paper. As a matter of fact, Gandhiji would reply to a letter in the blank half; he used to open addressed envelopes on all sides, gum them up inside out and use them again; the idea was something more than mere frugality he wanted to use as little of the peoples money as possible for his own purpose and thus be as little indebted to society as possible. It was on this principle that he did not allow Kasturba the personal use of the gifts she received in South Africa for his public service. 5. Aparigraha Non-Possession Aparigraha is almost a corollary of Asteya. In order to follow the dictum of non-thieving one must have as few pos-sessions as possible. For Gandhiji, Non-possession was also a proof of ones faith in God. He used to quote instances of devotees who did not believe in keeping back a little food even for the next meal. Aparigraha also helped one in slowly giving up the attachment towards wordly possessions, an essential condition of a seeker of truth, which every Ashramite was expected to be. And yet Gandhiji realized that giving up possessions was no easy matter. So, for non Ashramite she propounded the ideal of trusteeship. Possessions, particularly in the form of business assets or land, could not be given up without complications. So he suggested that businessmen and landlords should consider themselves not owners but trustees of their property. A trustee is expected to use the income of the trust solely to the advantage of the beneficiaries. In the case of wealthy people the beneficiaries are all the employees and underlings connected with the wealth. So, all income from the business or the land should be shared-with the employees or tillers of the land. The owner turned trustee should avail himself of the bare minimum, thus narrowing the economic gap between himself and his dependants. The concept of trusteeship can be called a, slightly diluted social extension of both Asteya and Aparigraha. These, then, are the interpretations of Panch Maha Vratas. Let us now turn to the other six vows, which project the social application of these five. Top 6. Sharirashtrama Physical Labour or Bread Labour Gandhiji got the idea of Bread labour from Tolstoy. The idea is that everyone must put in some physical labour to earn his daily bread. An intellectual or an artist or a person with any other ability should utilize that ability for the service of society, while bread should be earned through physical labour alone. Economic differences in society can be mitigated in this way. Even those professions essential to society-those of a teacher, a doctor, a pleader-the wages of the professional should not be more than those of a physical labourer. Gandhiji modified this idea into the concept of shrama-yagna. He suggested that even those who earned their livelihood through other professions should devote at least one hour every day to some kind of physical labour performed in the spirit of oneness with the poor. At the time when Gandhiji presented this concept to India, cheap foreign cloth was being dumped in the country by the British rulers to the detriment of our indigenous industry. So, Gandhiji revived the art of spinning and decided that spinning the Charkha should be the symbol of Shrama-yagna. The Ashramites were expected to spin for an hour every day without fail. This exercise was called Sutrayagna. Over and above this, he made it a rule that all domestic chores should be performed by the Ashramites themselves, including a reformed method of scavenging the last out of respect for the Bhangi, whom he later called Harijan, the lowest of the low in the Hindu caste system. 7. Asvada Control of Palate Palate being one of the senses, its control is obviously a part of Sadhana of the pilgrim to Truth. Gandhiji gave it a special place as a separate vow because he believed that control of the palate was inevitable for Brahmacharya that observance of Brahmacharya became easier if taste was conquered. Besides, conquest of taste was helpful in the conquest of other senses too. The most important condition of Asvadawas the conviction that food is meant only to sustain the body for service of others. So, to indulge the taste by a variety of culinary delicacies was against the spirit of Asvada. This vow was adhered to rather rigidly in the Ashram. The food in the common kitchen was as simple as possible, without any condiments, some times even without salt. Individual families who cooked at home did not always develop Asvada to the extent desirable. All the same most of these families had their own rules regarding simple diet more or less in keeping with the concept of Asvada. 8. Abhaya Fearlessness Psychologists tell us that fear is a natural reflex in all living beings on par with hunger, sleep and the sexual urge. How then can one vow, I shall not experience fear ? And yet fearlessness is the backbone of most other virtues. Gandhiji appreciated the importance of fearlessness partly because he used to be a timid child, full of all kinds of fears. Later on he consciously trained himself into fearlessness. The Gita places Abhaya at the head of divine attributes. Many poet-devotees sing the praises of fearlessness in spiritual life. Fears are innumerable. All of us are afraid of disease, injury, death; of loss of wealth, loss of prestige, loss of loved ones; of displeasing our dear ones, of displeasing the boss, of displeasing society and so on. Some people can get rid of some of these fears, others struggle to conquer other fears. In order to realise truth, it is necessary to remove all fear, which is hardly possible. A Sadhaka should, therefore, endeavour to rid himself or herself of as many kinds of fears as possible. The fear of God, which in other words means the fear of wrong doing, is one fear which no one should give up. This fear keeps us on guard against further growth of unwholesome traits of the mind and perhaps helps us in going beyond ordinary fears. Top 9. Sarva-Dharma-Samanatva- Equal Respect for all Religions This is a very important vow in a multi-religious country like India. One has a natural respect for ones own religion, and rightly so. But that respect need not lead one into disrespect for other religions. All religions help their adherents to proceed towards an ideal life. All religions have had devotees who realised God in their own way. And yet no religion is perfect. Quest of truth being the moving spirit behind all religions, they are always subject to a process of evolution and re-interpretation. So one should never consider ones own religion to be the only perfect religion. On this ground, Gandhiji was against conversion unless it was desired by some one through conviction. All should study first ones own religion and then as many others as possible and appreciate the good points of all of them. In the daily prayers of the Ashram, there were chantings from the Koran, the Buddhist prayer, the Bible and so on. In South Africa a bhajan was being sung which said Dear to me is the name of Rama. A Parsi friend once suggested, Why dont we sing Dear to me is the name of Hormuzd? The congregation took up the idea. That was the spirit generated by Gandhijis ideal of Sarva-Dharma-Samabhava. 10. Swadeshi Duty Towards the Neighbour As early as 1909 Gandhiji had found that India was filled with items of every day use imported from England. This was one of the main causes of the impoverishment of the country. Then again, it was necessary to induce Indians to be proud of their country. In order to achieve this, Gandhiji after returning to India in 1915,researchedon Khadi, reestablished the forgotten Charkha and unfolded his theory of Swadeshi, for the rejuvenation of Indian economy and Indian self-respect But then, Gandhiji was never satisfied with only the economic or political aspect of ideas. He gave Swadeshi a deeper significance based on an ancient ideal which says that ones first duty was not ones neighbours. Fulfilled in the spirit of love, that duty was not to at variance with ones duty to mends further away either. It was in this light that Gandhiji said that the Swadeshi movement was not harmful to the British mill hand, as it saved him from exploitation of his Indian brethren. This spirit of love made the labourer in Manchester his mend when Gandhiji went there even though Gandhiji was instrumental in bringing about unemployment of the British textile labourer. 11. Asprishyata Navaran- Removal of Untouchability This vow meant that Ashramites would mix as freely with so called untouchables as with all other people. This was, perhaps the vow most difficult to be practiced. Among the Ashramites themselves all were not free from the age-old Hindu belief that a person born in certain castes pollutes others by his touch. For Gandhiji ever since his twelfth year the ideal that any human being was inferior to another was not palatable. He always resisted the very basis of untouchability. He called it a cancer of Hindu Society. He had already started practicing the removal of untouchability while in South Africa. Then, soon after he returned to India he accepted an untouchable family in the Ashram. Several of the inmates, including Kasturba were quite upset at this step; the financial aid that the Ashram was receiving all but stopped. Gandhiji, however did not flinch from his decision. The resentment soon died down and sympathetic friends solved the financial problem as well. Later on Gandhiji gave the name Harijan to the untouchables and gave a great deal of his time to their amelioration. So these were how the eleven vows were observed in Gandhijis Ashram. They were quite well known in his lifetime. Even non-Ashramites studied them and tried to follow some of them to some extent. People ask us: Are Gandhijis vows relevant today? My husband once asked a counter question: Is a lamp relevant in darkness? The eleven vows cover such a vast canvas of life that one cannot say enough about their relevance today and tomorrow. In ending this resume we hope that these spiritual lamps would shed enough light on the paths of the people of India, nay on the paths of the people of the world to enable them to make this poor troubled Earth a better place to live in.

Painting styles free essay sample

Neoclassicism, Impressionism and Abstract Expression all have their own style. Each is from a different era and reflect on different subjects. Neoclassicism was part of the European art movement during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The inspiration for this movement comes from thr classical art and culture of ancient Greece or ancient Rome. Neoclassic Artwork is very unemotional. In this type of artwork, artists or painters used very sombre or dull colors. Often artists that painted in the Neoclassical style painted historical figures or people in classic history. Artwork of this style was very detailed and defined as well as accurate to the era they were representing. Neoclassical Art is very personal and honorable. All of this is reflected brilliantly in the piece â€Å"The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries† by Jaques Louis David. The attention to detail in this painting really brings it to life and makes those viewing it feel as if they are looking at Napoleon in person. We will write a custom essay sample on Painting styles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Impressionism Art, unlike Neoclassical Art, is an art movement that reflected on the everyday life of an average person. Outdoor scenes of people doing normal things like shopping or playing in the park or having a picnic or party. For example, the piece of artwork by Pierre Aguste Renoir called â€Å"The Luncheon of the Boating Party† is a painting of just that. People having lunch together and conversing with each other. Impressionism started in the late 1860s and early 1870s in Paris. Artists that paint in this particular style tend to use loose rapid brushstrokes. Artists used natural colors to give a feeling of reality and make the painting more lifelike and real. I particularly enjoy pieces done in the Impressionism style because they are warm and delightful to look at. Neoclassical artwork on the other hand is very plain and drab and although the attention to detail make these type of paintings very realistic they dont give off a warm cozy feeling. Abstract Expressionism is the most emotional style of the three styles discussed in this summary. Artists like Jackson Pollack who painted in this particular style used color, movement and gesture to reveal their personal feelings about their artwork. This is not the case with both Expressionism and Neoclassicism Art styles. The movement of Abstract Expressionism was established in America during the 1940s thru 1960. It was an art movement that expressed anarchy and freedom. Paintings in this style usually had colors that poured or dripped onto canvas to show emotion. Abstract Expressionist artists painted with true emotion and intensity for what they believed in and what they were painting about. This is demonstrated beautifully in Jackson Pollacks painting Autumn Rhythm. The use of color and tones are perfect for expressing the season of autumn and the way the colors are dripping on the canvas are a perfect example of the style that is represented in Abstract Expressionism. Each of the three different painting styles have their own unique techniques and they all three have very distinctive characteristics. Each style represents a different era and each style is expressed with expertise by those artists who choose to paint in that particular style. It is interesting to know and see how many different styles of painting there actually are in art and its also very interesting to know that each style represents so many different cultures.

Tale of Troy or Iliad - The Story Behind the Trojan War

Tale of Troy or Iliad - The Story Behind the Trojan War During the time when gods were petty and cruel, three of the leading goddesses had a contest to determine who was most beautiful. They contended for the prize of Eris golden apple, an apple no less dangerous than the one in the story of Snow White, despite its lack of consumable poison. To make the contest objective, the goddesses hired a human judge, Paris (also called Alexander), son of the Eastern potentate, Priam of Troy. Since Paris was to be paid according to the largesse of the winner, the contest was really to see who provided the most attractive incentive. Aphrodite won hands down, but the prize she offered was the wife of another man. Paris, after seducing Helen while a guest in the palace of her husband, King Menelaus of Sparta, went blithely on his way back to Troy with Helen. This abduction and violation of all rules of hospitality launched 1000 (Greek) ships to bring Helen back to Menelaus. Meanwhile, King Agamemnon of Mycenae, summoned the tribal kings from all over Greece to come to the aid of his cuckolded brother. Two of his best men one a strategist and the other a great warrior were Odysseus (aka Ulysses) of Ithaca, who would later come up with the idea of the Trojan Horse, and Achilles of Phthia, who may have married Helen in the Afterlife. Neither of these men wanted to join the fray; so they each devised a draft-dodging ruse worthy of M.A.S.H.s Klinger. Odysseus feigned madness by plowing his field destructively, perhaps with mismatched draft animals, perhaps with salt (a powerful destructive agent used according to legend at least one other time by the Romans on Carthage). Agamemnons messenger placed Telemachus, Odysseus infant son, on the path of the plough. When Odysseus swerved to avoid killing him, he was recognized as sane. Achilles with blame for cowardice conveniently laid at the feet of his mother, Thetis was made to look like and live with the maidens. Odysseus tricked him with the lure of a peddlers bag of trinkets. All the other maidens reached for the ornaments, but Achilles grabbed the sword stuck in their midst. The Greek (Achaean) leaders met together at Aulis where they awaited Agamemnons command to set sail. When an inordinate amount of time had passed and the winds still remained unfavorable, Agamemnon sought the services of Calchas the seer. Calchas told him that Artemis was angry with Agamemnon perhaps because he had promised her his finest sheep as a sacrifice to the goddess, but when the time came to sacrifice a golden sheep, he had, instead, substituted an ordinary one and to appease her, Agamemnon must sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia .... Upon the death of Iphigenia, the winds became favorable and the fleet set sail. Â   Trojan War FAQs [Summary: The head of the Greek forces was the proud king Agamemnon. He had killed his own daughter, Iphigenia, in order to appease the goddess Artemis (big sister of Apollo, and one of the children of Zeus and Leto), who was angry with Agamemnon and so, had stalled the Greek forces on the coast, at Aulis. In order to set sail for Troy they needed a favorable wind, but Artemis ensured the winds would fail to cooperate until Agamemnon had satisfied her by performing the required sacrifice of his own daughter. Once Artemis was satisfied, the Greeks set sail for Troy where to fight the Trojan War.] Agamemnon did not stay in the good graces of either of the children of Leto for long. He soon incurred the wrath of her son, Apollo. In revenge, Apollo the mouse god caused an outbreak of plague to lay the troops low. Agamemnon and Achilles had received the young women Chryseis and Briseis as prizes of war or war brides. Chryseis was the daughter of Chryses, who was a priest of Apollo. Chryses wanted his daughter back and even offered a ransom, but Agamemnon refused. Calchas the seer advised Agamemnon on the connection between his behavior toward the priest of Apollo and the plague that was decimating his army. Agamemnon had to return Chryseis to the priest of Apollo if he wanted the plague to end. After much Greek suffering, Agamemnon agreed to the recommendation of Calchas the seer, but only on condition that he take possession of the war prize of Achilles Briseis as a replacement. A minor point to think about: When Agamemnon had sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia, he hadnt required his fellow Greek aristocrats to give him a new daughter. No one could stop Agamemnon. Achilles was enraged. The honor of the leader of the Greeks, Agamemnon, had been assuaged, but what about the honor of the greatest of the Greek heroes Achilles? Following the dictates of his own conscience, Achilles could no longer cooperate, so he withdrew his troops (the Myrmidons) and sat on the sidelines. With the help of fickle gods, the Trojans began to inflict heavy personal damages on the Greeks, as Achilles and the Myrmidons sat on the sidelines. Patroclus, Achilles friend (or lover), persuaded Achilles that his Myrmidons would make the difference in the battle, so Achilles let Patroclus take his men as well as Achilles personal armor so that Patroclus would appear to be Achilles in the battlefield. It worked, but since Patroclus was not so great a warrior as Achilles, Prince Hector, the noble son of Trojan King Priam, struck Patroclus down. What even Patroclus words had failed to do, Hector accomplished. The death of Patroclus spurred Achilles into action and armed with a new shield forged by Hephaestus, the blacksmith of the gods (as a favor for Achilles sea goddess mother Thetis) Achilles went into battle. Achilles soon avenged himself. After killing Hector, he tied the body to the back of his war chariot, The grief-maddened Achilles then dragged Hectors corpse through the sand and dirt for days. In time, Achilles calmed down and returned the corpse of Hector to his grieving father. In a later battle, Achilles was killed by an arrow to the one part of his body Thetis had held when she had dipped the baby Achilles into the River Styx to confer immortality. With Achilles death, the Greeks lost their greatest fighter, but they still had their best weapon. [Summary: The greatest of the Greek heroes Achilles was dead. The 10-year Trojan War, which had begun when the Greeks set sail to retrieve Menelaus wife, Helen, form the Trojans, was at a stalemate.] Crafty Odysseus devised a plan that ultimately doomed the Trojans. Sending all the Greek ships away or into hiding, it appeared to the Trojans that the Greeks had given up. The Greeks left a parting gift in front of the walls of the city of Troy. it was a giant wooden horse which appeared to be an offering to Athena a peace offering. The jubilant Trojans dragged the monstrous, wheeled, wooden horse into their city to celebrate the end of the 10 years of fighting. Who Really Built the Trojan Horse?What Is the Trojan Horse? But beware of Greeks bearing gifts! Having won the war, the filicidal King Agamemnon went back to his wife for the reward he so richly deserved. Ajax, who had lost out to Odysseus in the contest for Achilles arms, went crazy and killed himself. Odysseus set out on the voyage (Homer, according to tradition, tells in The Odyssey, which is the sequel to The Iliad) that made him more famous than his help with Troy. And Aphrodites son, the Trojan hero Aeneas, set out from his burning homeland carrying his father on his shoulders on his way to Dido, in Carthage, and, finally, to the land that was to become Rome. Were Helen and Menelaus reconciled? According to Odysseus they were, but thats part of a future story.